CH22 & CH23

(CH22)

• The struggle for independence and decolonization continues into the last decade of the 20th century.
• Mobilization of the masses around a nationalist ideology.
• The ideal of national self-determination was profoundly at odds with the possession of colonies that were denied any opportunity to express their own national character.
• Nationalist leaders did not seek to restore a vanished past, rather they looked forward to joining the world of independent nation-states, to membership in the UN, and to the wealth and power that modern technology promised.
• British colonial rule of India promoted a growing sense of Indian identity.
• South Africa - economically dominant: British settlers/politically dominant:Afrikaners(Dutch settlers)
• The official policy of apartheid (1948): attempted to separate blacks from whites in every conceivable way while retaining African's labor power in the white-controlled economy. An enormous apparatus of repression enforced the system. extreme forms of social segregation.

(inspried by Gandhi's non-violence movement. With the police brutality on minority issues in US, I wish the protests could be carried out more peacefully, no more violence or dying of either side.)

(CH23)

• Globalization - an increasingly dense web of political relationships, economic transactions, and cultural influences cut across the world's many peoples, countries and religions, binding them together more tightly, but also more contentiously in the 20th century.
• The world Bank and the International Monetary Fund organized in 1944. This "Bretton Woods system" negotiated the rules for commercial and financial dealings among the major capitalist countries, while promoting relatively free trade, stable currency values linked to the US dollar, and high levels of capital investment.
• Foreign direct investment, transnational corporations (TNCs)
• By 2000, 51 of the world's 100 largest economic units were TNCs, not countries.
• Large movements of peoples, labor migrants. 
• In the absence of global regulation, Us's inflated housing market clashed and triggered  a global reactions in the market.
• Debt crisis in Greece, Italy and Spain.
• Calls for protectionism and greater regulations.
• US'd refusal to accept the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, its refusal to ratify the Kyoto protocol on global warming, its doctrine of preemptive war and its apparent use of torture.
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